« Tu as appelé ta mère ? — Oui, je l’ai appelée. » French replaces nouns with tiny pronouns that jump in front of the verb. The only real decision is: direct or indirect?
The quick version — the full lesson is below. More shorts →
If the verb connects to its object with no preposition, use a direct pronoun:
If the verb needs à before a person — parler à, téléphoner à, répondre à, donner à, dire à — use lui (him or her) and leur (them):
The trap: some verbs are direct in French but indirect in English, and vice versa. Regarder and écouter take NO à (je l’écoute — I listen to him), while téléphoner DOES (je lui téléphone — I phone him).
me / te / nous / vous come first, then le / la / les, then lui / leur: « Tu me le donnes ? » but « Je le lui donne. » You will mostly meet these in set phrases — don’t memorise tables, collect examples.
Je le vois. Voir is direct (voir quelqu’un, no à). Lui is only for à-verbs: je lui parle, je lui écris.
With avoir, the participle agrees with a direct object placed BEFORE the verb. La → l’ triggers appelée. Indirect lui/leur never triggers agreement.
They replace à + thing and de + thing. They have their own lesson: en vs y — and the à/de verb families are mapped in à vs de.

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